Electronic label classification

　　Electronic label classification

　　Electronic tags can be divided into three categories: integrated circuit curing type, field wired rewriting type and field wireless rewriting type according to the different injection methods of internal storage information; according to the technical means of reading electronic tag data, they can be divided into three categories: There are three types of broadcast transmission type, frequency doubling type and reflection modulation type. According to the different energy supply methods (battery power supply), RFID technology can be divided into three types: active, passive and semi-active. The commonly popular classification method of RFID is that, according to the different operating frequency (unit: Hz), it is divided into four types: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), ultra-high frequency (UHF) and microwave frequency (MW).

　　(1) The low/high frequency system generally has a working frequency of <30MHz, and the typical working frequency is 125kHz, 225kHz, 13.56MHz (contactless IC card - the working frequency of the radio frequency card) and so on. Radio frequency identification systems based on these frequencies generally have corresponding international standards, and their basic features are: the cost of electronic tags is low, the amount of data stored in the tags is small, and the reading distance is short (in the passive case, the typical reading distance is 10cm), electronic tags have various shapes (card-shaped, ring-shaped, button-shaped, pen-shaped), and the reading antenna is not directional.

　　(2) UHF/microwave systems generally have a working frequency > 400MHz, and typical working frequency bands are 915MHz, 2450MHz, 5800MHz, etc. The system is also supported by many international standards in these frequency bands. The basic features are: the cost of electronic tags and readers is high, the amount of data stored in the tags is large, the reading distance is long (up to several meters to ten meters), and it is suitable for objects. It has good high-speed motion performance, and the shape is generally card-shaped. Both the reading antenna and the electronic tag antenna have strong directivity.

　　(3) Active electronic tags are equipped with batteries, which generally have a long reading distance. The disadvantage is that the life of the battery is limited (3 to 10 years); there is no battery in the passive electronic tag. After it receives the microwave signal sent by the reader (reading device), it converts part of the microwave energy into direct current for its own work. Generally maintenance-free. Compared with active systems, passive systems are slightly limited in terms of reading distance and adapting to the speed of object movement.

　　(4) The information in the integrated curing electronic label is generally injected in the ROM process mode during the production of the integrated circuit, and the information stored in it is immutable; the on-site wired rewrite electronic label generally writes the information stored in the electronic label into the electronic label. In the internal E2 storage area, a dedicated programmer or writer is required for rewriting, and power must be supplied during the rewriting process; field wireless rewriting electronic tags are generally suitable for active electronic tags, with specific rewriting instructions, and the electronic tags The saved information is also located in the E2 memory area within it. In general, the time required to rewrite the electronic label data is much longer than the time required to read the electronic label data. Typically, rewriting takes seconds, and reading takes milliseconds.

　　(5) Broadcast transmission radio frequency identification system. Electronic tags must work in an active way and broadcast their stored identification information in real time. The reader is equivalent to a receiver that only receives and does not send. The disadvantage of this system is that the electronic tag needs to continuously transmit information, which not only consumes electricity, but also causes electromagnetic pollution to the environment, and the security and confidentiality of the system are poor. It is difficult to realize the frequency doubling RFID system. In general, the reader sends a radio frequency query signal, and the carrier frequency of the signal returned by the electronic tag is the multiplier of the radio frequency sent by the reader. This working mode provides convenience for the reader to receive and process echo signals. However, for passive electronic tags, the energy conversion efficiency is low when the electronic tag converts the received radio frequency energy of the reader into the frequency-doubling echo carrier frequency. Improving conversion efficiency requires higher microwave skills, which means higher cost of electronic tags. At the same time, this kind of system work must occupy two operating frequency points, and it is generally difficult to obtain the product application license of the Radio Frequency Management Committee.

　　(6) The realization of the reflection modulation radio frequency identification system is mainly to solve the problem of co-frequency transmission and reception. When the system is working, the reader sends out a microwave query (energy) signal, and the electronic tag (passive) rectifies part of the received microwave query energy signal into direct current for the circuit in the electronic tag to work, and another part of the microwave energy signal is stored in the electronic tag. The data information is modulated (ASK) and reflected back to the reader. After the reader receives the reflected amplitude modulation signal, it extracts the identifying data information stored in the electronic tag. During the working process of the system, the reader sends out the microwave signal and receives the reflected amplitude modulation signal at the same time. The strength of the reflected signal is much weaker than that of the transmitted signal, so the difficulty in technical implementation lies in co-frequency reception.

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