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　　Most developers of newer RFID architectures use low-cost transponders (or tags) as the basis of the architecture. They consist of an IC for data storage and communication and an external antenna. There are two basic types of tags: passive and active. Passive tags do not contain a power source, and rely on the radio frequency signal from the reader to induce a small current in the antenna, which is sufficient to transmit a response signal. RFID tags transmit data by changing the reflected energy of the radio frequency signal from the reader. The working distance of passive tags can reach up to 30 feet, which depends on the power output of the reader, antenna structure, and operating frequency. BielomaTIk's RF-LoopTag is an expandable antenna device that also provides short-range and medium-range passive RFID tags.

　　The active RFID tag with its own power supply (such as internal battery) can be used to significantly extend the distance. Active tags can transmit data at higher power levels and are generally more accurate than passive types. Active tags are generally used for high-priced items such as military vehicles or containers. The antenna structure of the RFID system depends on the application, the environment during reading, and the operating frequency.

　　Government departments have allocated several frequency bands for RFID, but they are not uniform in the world. LF (low frequency) devices work in the range of 125kHz to 134kHz and are used in applications such as access control, animal identification, asset tracking, and car security key fobs. HF (High Frequency) 13.56MHz tags are used for applications where the reading distance is less than 3 feet. Unlike other frequency bands, HF tags are not susceptible to interference when transmitting data near metal or water. 860MHz～960MHz UHF (ultra high frequency) frequency band is very popular in new applications, this is because its reading distance is 3m～5m, and the data exchange rate is higher. Typical UHF applications include certain asset tracking, where tags are hung on pallets and containers, and when they pass through entrances equipped with readers, operators can find them and make records.

　　In the past few years, people have concentrated on creating a unified standard for tags and readers in each frequency band. ISO and IEC have created a number of RFID standards that include frequency, data encoding methods, and the use of RFID technology. For example, ISO/IEC14443 and 15693 standards define communication interface protocols for RFID tags used in payment systems, contactless smart cards, and proximity cards. ISO has also created standards for performance testing of RFID tags and readers. In addition, the ISO/IEC18000 series includes an automatic identification system for tracking the goods in the supply chain and a dedicated air interface protocol for the item management system.

　　Several manufacturers produce RFID transponders used in tags. For example, Texas Instruments (TI) provides a Tag-itHF-1 plus transponder IC product line that complies with the ISO/IEC15693 global standard for product verification, access control, asset tagging, supply chain management, and ticketing applications. These products provide user-accessible memory and an extensive command set. The former has a capacity of 2048 bits and consists of 64 blocks, and the latter is used to select tags and read, write or lock the stored data. These devices use a factory-programmed and locked unique identification code to identify multiple transponders present in the reader's radio frequency field. According to ISO/IEC15693, use ASK or FSK modulation that works at a high data rate or a low data rate to complete the communication or downlink communication between the reader and the transponder. The transponder answers in the same way that the reader uses to ask it. This technology performs frame synchronization for uplink communication and downlink communication, and uses CRC to ensure their safety.

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