What are the international RFID industry standards?

　　What are the international RFID industry standards?

　　The Internet of Things is another revolution to the world's information industry after computers and the Internet. The Internet of Things is defined as "connecting any item to the Internet through information sensing devices (such as RFID) for information exchange and communication, which can realize intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management." RFID is a non-contact It can automatically identify target objects and obtain relevant data through radio frequency signals. It has the characteristics of small size, easy installation, no contact for reading, no manual intervention, high-speed object recognition, and multiple tags.

　　A typical RFID system includes electronic tags, readers and information processing systems. When an item with an RFID tag passes through a specific information reading device, the tag is activated by the reader and starts to carry the tag in the tag through radio waves. The information is transmitted to the reader and the computer system to complete the automatic collection of information.

　　And this process of dialogue between the reader and the electronic tag must follow a specific standard, which is the international RFID industry standard, just like a language, it must be the same language to identify each other. And according to the application occasion and application frequency band, there will be different communication standards.

　　Low frequency: ISO 11784, ISO 11785

　　The low frequency operating frequency range is 30kHz ~ 300kHz. Typical operating frequencies are: 125KHz, 133KHz, 134.2khz. The communication distance of low-frequency tags is generally less than 1 meter.

　　ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 specify the code structure and technical guidelines for animal identification respectively. The transponder style and size are not specified in the standard, so it can be designed in various forms suitable for the animals involved, such as glass tubes, ear tags or collars Wait.

　　The technical standard specifies the data transmission method and reader specification for low-frequency RFID. The working frequency is 134.2KHz, and the data transmission modes are full-duplex and half-duplex. The reader data is represented by differential bi-phase code. The communication rate is low due to the long transponder charging time and operating frequency constraints.

　　High Frequency: ISO 14443A&B and ISO 15693

　　The working frequency of high-frequency electronic tags is generally 3MHz ~ 30MHz. Typical operating frequency is: 13.56MHz. The basic characteristics of the high-frequency standard are similar to those of the low-frequency standard. Due to the improvement of its operating frequency, a higher data transmission rate can be selected.

　　ISO14443 defines two types of protocols, TYPE A and TYPE B. Their difference mainly lies in the modulation depth of the carrier and the coding method of the bits. ISO 14443A is generally used for access control cards, bus cards and small-value stored value consumer cards, etc., and has a high market share. Due to the relatively high encryption coefficient, ISO14443B is more suitable for CPU cards. It is generally used for ID cards, passports, UnionPay cards, etc. The current second-generation electronic ID card adopts the ISO 14443B protocol.

　　The carrier frequency specified by ISO15693 is 13.56MHz. This standard defines the air interface and data communication specifications of smart tags and readers working at 13.56Mhz. The tags that meet this standard can be read at a farthest reading distance of 2 meters, and the application is more flexible.

　　UHF: ISO 18000-6 B and ISO18000-6C (EPC C1 G2)

　　The ultra-high frequency electronic tag has a large reading distance, and its typical operating frequency is 433.92MHZ, 902~928MHz. UHF tags are mainly used for automatic identification of railway vehicles, container identification, and can also be used in road vehicle identification and automatic toll collection systems.

　　The application of ISO18000-6B standard is relatively mature, the product performance is relatively stable, and the data format and standard are relatively simple. In terms of reading speed and number of labels, in applications with a small number of labels such as bayonet and dock operations, labels applying the ISO18000-6B standard can basically meet the needs. At present, the "electronic license plate recognition system" used in China's customs logistics supervision system uses the electronic label of the ISO18000-6B standard.

　　ISO18000-6C (EPC C1 G2) has a fast speed, the data rate can reach 40kbps ~ 640kbps, the number of tags that can be read at the same time is large, it has a variety of write protection methods, and the security is strong. However, the current user data area is small and the capacity is not enough.

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